Prof. Norman Krumholz Room: SR 151

Department of Urban Studies Time: 10-11:15 Tues./Thurs.

Cleveland State University Fall Semester, 1999

Course Description

This introductory course will explore the past, present, and future of Cleveland using the African-American experience as the focus. The course will employ interdisciplinary perspectives, including architecture, history, demography, economics, political science and city planning. Students will examine the origins and dynamics of the city's growth and decline, placing special emphasis on current black economic, institutional and political issues. Since about half of Cleveland's 1995 population is African-American, the reality of race and racial discrimination will be central to our discussions of housing, poverty, education and other functional issues. Extensive efforts will be made to link abstract theories with the reality of present-day Cleveland experience.

Students may take a field trip in order to help deepen their understanding of the processes of urban change in the black community and current developments in Cleveland.

Guest lecturers will be invited, including several black leaders with long personal involvement in the city of Cleveland's affairs.

Course Objectives

This course should familiarize students with the historical, economic, and political evolution of the city of Cleveland and its current issues and problems especially as these problems relate to African-American citizens. It should also provide students with a basic understanding of black evolution in the city and Cleveland's major institutions and their place within the larger region and the state. The course complements: UST 200 (Introduction to Urban Studies); UST 419 (Neighborhood Analysis); and HIS 307 (History of Cleveland).

Assignments

Students will be asked to take a mid-term test, a final exam, and write three papers.

The first paper will be approximately five (5) typed and double-spaced pages in length. Using Chapter 2 of A Ghetto Takes Shape by Kenneth Kusmer and class discussions you are to describe the urban changes that created Cleveland's Central Avenue ghetto at the time of the first World War. Touch on migration patterns, occupational discrimination, racial discrimination and other issues. The first paper will be due on September 28 (10 points).

The second paper is a personal odyssey based on the travels of your family. Write a short (3-4 page) paper touching on: where (country or state) your family came from; when and why they came to Cleveland; why they left their previous home; how they view Cleveland's present situation; where they (or you) plan to be in 2010 and why. Items of special interest (i.e. grandpa was a horsethief.gigolo.singing waiter, etc.) will be appreciated.

This paper will be due on November 2 (15 points).

The topic for the third, a longer 8-10 page paper, has to do with the Parma Case. In 1973, the U.S. Justice Department sued Parma, alleging that the city had violated the 1968 Fair Housing

Act. Subsequently, Parma was found guilty and the case came to an end only early in 1999. Address the following questions in your paper:

1. What were the charges made by the federal government?

2. What was Parma's defense?

3. After the guilty verdict, what did the court order Parma to do (the "remedial order"?)

4. How were these orders implemented?

5. In 1999, what are the results of the case (plus and minus).

6. In your opinion, should Parma have been taken to court? Why or why not.

For reference, see Dennis Keating's chapter on "Open Housing in the Metropolitan Area." in the Reader and chapter 8 in Keating's book The Suburban Racial Dilemma (Temple University Press, 1994).

The final paper will be due on the date of the last class lecture, December 9 (20 points).

PLEASE NOTE: LATE PAPERS WILL BE DOWNGRADED AND PAPERS MORE THAN A WEEK LATE WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED.

Text

There will be two books:

Cleveland: A Metropolitan Reader, Dennis Keating, Norman Krumholz, David Perry (eds.), (Kent State University Press, 1995).

A Ghetto Takes Shape: Black Cleveland, 1870-1930, Kenneth L. Kusmer, (University of Illinois Press, 1976).

Supplementary readings will be on reserve at the Reserve Desk of the Main Library and on the first floor in the Urban Building. Students may also wish to purchase or otherwise refer to: John Grabowski and David Van Tassel, Cleveland: A Tradition of Reform (Kent State University Press, 1986); Carol Poh Miller and Robert Wheeler, Cleveland: A Concise History, 1796-1990 (Indiana University Press, 1991); and the Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (University of Indiana Press, 1996).

Four additional modules may be found on the Internet at all NETSCAPE access locations at:

http://cua6.csuohio.edu/~norm/100main.htm

Module #1: Origins of Cleveland

Module #2: Hough and Glenville Racial Riots

Module #3: School Desegregation

Module #4: Alternative Futures for Cleveland

Physically Challenged

It is important that students with handicaps requiring special accommodations identify themselves to the instructor immediately so that we can seek appropriate arrangements.

Students with Special Needs

Anyone anticipating needing special accommodations to take exams or complete assignments must identify themselves to the instructor by the end of the second week of classes. These include accommodations for physical handicaps, learning disabilities, and English as a second language.

Grades

Midterm Examination 20 points

Final Examination 35 points

Paper #1 10 points

Paper #2 15 points

Paper #3 20 points

100-90 = A

89-80 = B

79-70 = C

69-60 = D

Week 1 Introduction and Overview

Founding of Cleveland and Early History

Week 2 Almost Equal: Black Cleveland Before 1870

Post-Civil War Economic Development

Week 3 Immigration and Its Impact; Neighborhood formation

Founding Fathers and Mothers.

Week 4 Politics: Conflict and Reform

A Ghetto Takes Shape in Central

Week 5 Racial Discrimination as an Emerging Issue

The Evolution of Cleveland's Black Politics

NOTE: Paper # 1 due Sept. 28

Week 6 Race and Class-Oriented Planning in Cleveland

Mid-Term Test

Week 7 Cleveland Architecture: From Log Cabin to Glass Tent: Slide Lectures

Week 8 Voices From the Neighborhoods

Week 9 The Establishment and Growth Machines

Week 10 Role of the Foundations and Other Non-Profits

NOTE: Paper # 2 due November 2

Week 11 Current Issue - Racial Discrimination: Who Pays the Costs?

Week 12 Current Issue - Housing and Poverty: Interactions Among Variables

Current Issue - Education: The Busing Order and Beyond

Week 13 Current Issue - Greater Cleveland: Regional Trends and Problems

Week 14 & 15 Alternative Futures for Cleveland - #1

Alternative Futures for Cleveland - #2 and #3

Final Paper due December 9.

Readings

All reading assignments will be found in your text books and reserved readings.

Week 1 Introduction and Overview

READ: Neal R. Peirce and John Keefe, The Great Lakes States of America, (W. W. Norton & Company, 1980), pp. 322-338.

Stakes, Damon. 1995. Cleveland Rocks. pp. 2-32.

Founding of Cleveland and Early History

READ: Metro Reader: Introduction and Part 1 by David Perry.

Edmund H. Chapman, Cleveland: Village to Metropolis: A Case Study of Problems of Urban Development in Nineteenth Century America (The Western Reserve Historical Society Press, 1964), pp. 1-15.

Week 2 Almost Equal: Black Cleveland Before 1870

READ: Kusmer, A Ghetto Takes Shape, Part 1.

Metro Reader, Part 2, by Miller and Wheeler.

Todd Swanstrom, The Crisis of Growth Politics: Cleveland and Kucinich (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1985), pp. 34-56.

Darwin H. Stapleton, "Industry" from The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (University of Indiana Press, 1996).

Week 3 Economic Development

READ: Metro Reader, Part 3, "The Cleveland Economy" by Edward Hill.

Week 4 Politics: Conflict and Reform

READ: Metro Reader, Part 4, all three articles.

James F. Richardson, "Political Reform in Cleveland," from Grabowski and Van Tassel (eds.), Cleveland: A Tradition of Reform (Kent State University Press, 1986).

Kusmer, A Ghetto Takes Shape, Part 2.

"Blacks," pp. 101-103, The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (University of Indiana Press, 1996).

Krumholz, Norman, "Twenty Years After Kerner: The Cleveland Case," Journal of Urban Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 285-297.

Week 5 Immigration and Neighborhoods

READ: Metro Reader, Part 6, all four articles.

Christopher Wye, "At the Leading Edge: The Movement for Black Civil Rights in Cleveland, 1830-1869," in Grabowski and Van Tassel (eds.), Cleveland: A Tradition of Reform (Kent State University Press, 1986).

NOTE: PAPER #1 DUE September 28

Week 6 Governance: Public and Private

READ: Metro Reader, Part 5, all three articles.

NOTE: MID-TERM TEST

Week 7 Cleveland Architecture: From Log Cabin to Glass Tent- Slide Lecture

READ: Clay Herrick, Jr. Cleveland Landmarks pp.18-19; 34; 50; 56; 60-61; 80; 86; 108; 122; 172; 186.

Week 8 Voices From The Neighborhoods

READ: Robert L. Bond. 1990. Focus on Neighborhoods. Cleveland Neighborhood Centers Association, Chapter II, pp. 8-40.

Edwin M. Robinson and George C. Zeller, "Poverty is Greater When Jobs Leave Town." The State of Black Cleveland, 1989.

Metro Reader, Part 8, first three articles.

Norman Krumholz, "A Retrospective View of Equity Planning: Cleveland 1969-1979," Journal of the American Planning Association, Winter 1982.

Week 9 The Establishment and Growth Machine

READ: Metro Reader: "How 50 Businessmen Saved a Sick City," by Myron Magnet, Fortune Magazine

Todd Swanstrom. 1991. "Development Strategy in Cleveland," in Cleveland Development: A Dissenting View, Alvin Schorr (ed). Cleveland: Perry Press.

Clavel, Pierre. 1986. The Progressive City. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Chaper 3.

Week 10 Foundations and Other Non-Profits

READ: Diana Tittle, 1992. "A Willingness to Lead."

Rebuilding Cleveland: The Cleveland Foundation and Its Evolving Urban Strategy. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. Chapters 1, 2, and 12.

David Van Tassel and John Grabowski. (eds). 1991. Cleveland: A Tradition of Reform. "Social Reform and Philanthropic Order" pp 29-50. Cleveland: Kent State University Press.

Note: Paper #2 due November 2

Week 11 Racial Discrimination as an Emerging Issue

READ: Metro Reader, Part 7, all three articles.

Kusmer, A Ghetto Takes Shape, Part 3.

Keating, Dennis. 1989. "Suburban Cleveland's 20-Year Integration Struggle." In Planning magazine.

Keating, Dennis. 1994. "Parma: Court-Ordered

Integration." from The Suburban Racial Dilemma. Philadelphia: Temple.

Week 12 Current Issues - Housing and Poverty: Interactions Among Variables

READ: Metro Reader: Part 8, last two articles.

Kenneth T. Jackson, "The Cost of Good Intentions

..." in The Crabgrass Frontier (Oxford University Press, 1985).

Andrew Benson. 1995. "A Generation Lost: The Desegregation of the Cleveland Schools."

Week 13 Current Issues - Regional Trends and Problems

Weeks 14 & 15 Alternative Futures for Cleveland #1, #2, and #3

READ: Katherine Bradbury, Anthony Downs, Kenneth A. Small, Futures for a Declining City (N.Y. Academic Press, 1991).

Keith Sinzinger, "The Simultaneous Rise and Fall of an American City," Washington Post, August 19, 1986.

George Sternlieb, "The City as a Sandbox," in The Public Interest, Fall, 1971.

Anthony Downs, "The Future of Industrial Cities," in The New Urban Reality, 1987, Paul Peterson (ed.), pp. 281-294.

(Not required, but offered for students anxious to increase their understanding of our city)

ARCHITECTURE, CITY PLANNING, AND DEVELOPMENT

Bradbury, Downs and Small. Futures for a Declining City. N.Y. Academic Press, 1981.

Chapman, Edmund. Cleveland: Village to Metropolis. Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1964, 1981.

Cleveland City Planning Commission. Cleveland Civic Vision 2000: Downtown Plan, and Citywide Plan, 1989 and 1990.

Cleveland City Planning Commission. The Policy Planning Report. 1975.

Griffith, Gary. "Second Draft of the Dream at University Circle," Cleveland Magazine (May, 1972).

Guide to Cleveland's Architecture, 1991, Cleveland Chapter AIA, R. Gaede and R. Kalin (eds.).

Halprin, Lawrence. Concept for Cleveland: Strategy for Downtown. Cleveland: Greater Cleveland Growth Association, 1974.

Humphrey, Nancy; Peterson, George; and Wilson, Peter. The Future of Cleveland's Capital Plant. Washington: Urban Institute, 1979.

Johannesen, Eric. Cleveland Architecture 1976-1976. Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1979.

Keating, W. Dennis. The Suburban Racial Dilemma. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994.

Krumholz, Norman and Forester, John. Making Equity Planning Work. Temple University Press, 1990.

Larsen, Christian L. "Cleveland-Potential City of a Million," National Municipal Review (June, 1941) 335-340.

---------------. "Cleveland Plans on an Area Basis," National Municipal Review (May, 1972).

Peterson, George, and Humphrey, Nancy. The Greater Cleveland Community Capital Investment Strategy. Washington: Urban Institute, 1983.

Schorr, Alvin (ed.). Cleveland Development: A Dissenting View, 1991.

Stakes, Damon. Cleveland Rocks. Shaker Heights, Ohio: York, 1995.

Swanstrom, Todd. The Crisis of Growth Politics: Cleveland and Kucinich. Temple University Press, 1984.

Tittle, Diana. Rebuilding Cleveland. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1992.

Weiner, Ronald R. "History of Civic Land Use Decision Making in the Cleveland Metropolitan Area 1880-1930." Ph.D. dissertation, Kent State University, 1974.

THE ARTS

Amusement Park Books, Inc. Euclid Beach Park is Closed for the Season. Cleveland: Dillon-Liederbach, 1977.

Hershey, Rice A. Cleveland Play House 1915-1975: 60 Years of Professional Resident Theatre. Cleveland: Perlmuter Printing Co., 1975.

Kennedy, Kathleen. Playhouse Square: Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland: Playhouse Square Foundation, 1975.

March, Robert C. The Cleveland Orchestra. Cleveland: World Publishing, 1967.

Wittke, Carl. The First Fifty Years: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1916 to 1966. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966.

BIOGRAPHY

Chernow, Ron. 1998. Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.

Chesnutt, Helen M. Charles Waddell Chesnutt: Pioneer of the Color Line. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1952.

Haberman, Ian S. The Van Sweringens of Cleveland. Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1979.

Izant, Grace (Goulder). John D. Rockefeller: The Cleveland Years. Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1972.

Johnson, Tom L. My Story. University of Washington Press. 1911.

Malvin, John. North Into Freedom: The Autobiography of John Malvin, Free Negro, 1795-1880. Cleveland: The Press of Western Reserve University, 1966.

Selzer, Louis B. The Years Were Good. Cleveland: World Publishing Co. 1956.

Vincent, Sidney Z. Personal and Professional: Memoirs of a Life in Community Service. Cleveland: Jewish Community Federation, 1982.

BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY

An Introduction To The Cleveland Labor Movement, 1865-1929, 1996, United Labor Agency.

Hatcher, Harlan. A Century of Iron and Men, The Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merril, 1950.

Historic American Engineering Record. Cleveland: An Inventory of

Historic Engineering and Industrial Sites. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978.

Shaw, Archer Hayes. The Plain Dealer: One Hundred Years in Cleveland. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1942.

The Cleveland 200, Thomas Kelly, et. al., 1996, Archives Press, Inc.

ETHNIC AND RACIAL GROUPS

Barton, Josef J. Peasants and Strangers: Italians, Rumanians and Slovaks in an American City, 1890-1950. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975.

Bonutti, Karl. Selected Ethnic Communities of Cleveland: A Socio-Economic Study. Cleveland: Cleveland State University, 1974.

Chatterjee, Pranab. Local Leadership in Black Communities. Commerce Copy Co., Cleveland.

Jeffres, Leo W. Ethnic Communication in Cleveland: An Exploratory Study of Ethnics and Mass Communication in Cleveland. Cleveland: Cleveland State University, 1978.

Pap, Michael. Ethnic Communities of Cleveland. Cleveland: Institute for Soviet and East European Studies, John Carroll University, 1973.

Callahan, Nelson J. Irish Americans and Their Communities of Cleveland. Cleveland: Cleveland State University, 1978.

Davis, Russell H. Black Americans in Cleveland from George B. Peake to Carl B. Stokes, 1796-1969. Washington: Associated Publishers, 1972.

Ferroni, Charles D. The Italians in Cleveland: A Study in Assimilation. New York: Arno Press, 1980.

Gartner, Lloyd P. History of the Jews of Cleveland. Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1978.

Grabowski, John, et al. Polish Americans and Their Communities of Cleveland. Cleveland: Cleveland State University, 1976.

Kusmer, Kenneth L. A Ghetto Takes Shape: Black Cleveland 1870-1930. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976.

Kuznik, Frank, "The Ethnic Myth," Cleveland Magazine (February, 1980).

GENERAL HISTORIES

Chapman, Edmund H. "Early Cleveland, The Formation of a City, 1796, 1875." Part of thesis, New York University, 1951.

Condon, George E. Cleveland -- The Best Kept Secret.. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1967.

--------------. Cleveland: The Prodigy of the Western Reserve. Oklahoma: Continental Heritage, 1979.

Fenn, Matthew J. (ed.). Cleveland, Yesterday Through Tomorrow. Cleveland: Concept Media, 1976.

Herrick, Clay, Cleveland's Rich Heritage. Cleveland: Early Settlers Association of the Western Reserve, 1975.

Rose, William G. Cleveland: The Making of a City. Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1950.

Akers, William J. Cleveland Schools in the Nineteenth Century. Cleveland: W. M. Bayne, 1901.

Campbell, Thomas F. SASS: Fifty Years of Social Work Education: A History of the School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University. Cleveland: Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1967.

Cleveland Community Fund. It Makes Sense: A History of Your Community Chest. Cleveland: n.p., 1955.

Cramer, C. H. Open Shelves and Open Minds: A History of the Cleveland Public Library. Cleveland: Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1972.

Howard, Nathaniel R. Trust for All Time: The Story of the Cleveland Foundation and the Community Trust Movement. Cleveland: Cleveland Foundation, 1963.

Miller, Carol Poh and Robert Wheeler. Cleveland: A Concise History, 1796-1990, 1991.

Tittle, Diana. Rebuilding Cleveland: The Cleveland Foundation and Its Evolving Urban Strategy. Ohio State University Press. 1992.

Urban League of Greater Cleveland. The State of Black Cleveland, 1989. 1989.

MULTI-MEDIA

The Black Experience in Cleveland: 1865-1982. Videotape, 30 min. Cleveland: Cleveland Heritage Program, 1982.

Cleveland Politics -- The Drama of Four Key Elections: 1907, 1915, 1921, and 1929. Videotape, 30 min. Cleveland: Cleveland Heritage Program, 1982.

Immigrants and Cities: From the Civil War to the Depression. Videotape, 30 min. Cleveland: Heritage Program, 1981.

Mounting Crisis and Reform of Urban Politics, Cleveland: 1865-1929. Videotape, 30 min. Cleveland: Cleveland Heritage Program, 1982.

Nature's Last Stand. 16 mm, 5 min. Cleveland: Board of Parks Commissioners, 1966.

The Old Neighborhood. Slide/Tape, 30 min. Cleveland: Cleveland Heritage Program, 1983.

Religious Diversity in Cleveland. Videotape, 60 min. Cleveland: Cleveland Heritage Program, 1983.

Workers and Industrial Unrest in Cleveland. Videotape, 30 min. Cleveland: Cleveland Heritage Program, 1981.

NEIGHBORHOODS

Bond, Robert L. Focus on Neighborhoods, 1990.

Feagler's Cleveland, Dick Feagler, 1996. Grey and Co.

Green, Howard Whipple. Relation of the "Central Area: To the Entire City. 3 vols. Cleveland: Cleveland Health Council, 1944.

Lawrence, Ann T. Cleveland's Flats: The Incredible City Under the Hill. Cleveland: History Associates, 1979.

Navin, Robert B. "Analysis of a Slum Area." Ph.D. Thesis, Catholic University of America, 1934.

"The People are the City." Three Cleveland Neighborhoods 1796-1980: A Series of Exhibitions on Broadway, Hough and Tremont During the Summer and Fall of 1980 by the Cuyahoga County Archives. Cleveland: Cuyahoga County Archives, 1980.

Wheeler, Robert A. Pleasantly Situated on the West Side . . . A Catalog of the Special Exhibition Conducted by the Western Reserve Historical Society on the Ohio City Area of Cleveland With an Introductory Essay on the Economic Social History of the District. Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1980.

Leahy, Peter. "A Neighborhood in Transition" (Hough), University of Akron, Department of Urban Studies.

POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT

Campbell, Thomas F. Daniel E. Morgan, 1877-1949: The Good Citizen in Politics. Cleveland: Press of Western Reserve University, 1966.

Croly Herbert. Marcus Alonzo Hanna, His Life and Work. New York: MacMillan Company, 1912.

Griffin, Burt W. Cities Within a City. Cleveland: College of Urban Affairs, Cleveland State University, 1981.

Howe, Fredric C. Confessions of a Reformer. n.p.: Scribner's Sons, 1925.

Johnson Tom L. My Story. New York: B. W. Huebsch, 1911.

Norton, James Adolphus. The Metro Experience. Cleveland: Press of Western Reserve University, 1963.

Porter, Philip W. Cleveland: Confused City on a Seesaw. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1976.

Preston, Michael B., Lenneal J. Henderson Jr., Paul L. Puryear. The New Black Politics: The Search for Political Power. Longman, New York, 1990.

Schorr, Alvin (ed). Cleveland Development: A Dissenting View. David Press. 1993.

Stokes, Carl B. Promises of Power: A Political Autobiography. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973.

Bartimole, Roldo, "Point of View," a bi-weekly political commentary, 1965-present.

SUBURBS

Arthur D. Little, Inc. East Cleveland Response to Urban Change. Cambridge, Mass.: n.p., 1969.

Ellis, William B. and Wobbecke, Mary Ellen. A History of Westlake, Ohio 1811-1961. Westlake, Ohio: n.p., 1961.

Kubasek, Ernest. The History of Parma, a Township, a Village, a City. Parma, Ohio: Kubasek, 1976.

Lowing, Frank C. History of the City of Lakewood. Lakewood, Ohio: Fire and Police Pension Fund, 1915.

Van Sweringen Company. The Heritage of the Shakers. Cleveland: Van Sweringen Company, 1923.